New findings from 快猫短视频 Professor W. David Bradford elaborate on a well-known economic principle.

Time discounting, when a person cares less about a future consequence than a present one, is considered a 鈥渇undamental characteristic of human decision-making,鈥� Bradford explains. 聽

For example, a person may choose to have a cupcake today, even though they are trying to lose weight.

Within the field of economics, it鈥檚 often observed that a person will choose a smaller good today over a larger good later. But the further the decision is in the future, the more likely they are to choose the larger good.

This means if a person was offered $50 today or $100 next week, a surprising amount of people choose the $50 today, even though they understand it鈥檚 much less money. But when asked about making the decision in the future, $50 in two years or $100 in three years, the majority choose the higher amount.

This concept is called hyperbolic discounting. The idea is that people make dramatically worse decisions when thinking of the present and short-term, but their decision-making stabilizes over time.

Several theories have been developed to explain this phenomena, but not all researchers are convinced 鈥渉yperbolic discounting鈥� is what鈥檚 occurring.

This lack of consensus prompted Bradford, along with colleagues at the London School of Economics, to create an experiment designed to tease out what really is happening.

They found that when they view the results in terms of 鈥渙bjective鈥� time, hyperbolic discounting is present but when they view the results in terms of 鈥渟ubjective鈥� time, there is not much of a hyperbolic pattern.

Bradford specifies that they do see a dramatic difference between same day choice comparisons like the cupcake example, sometimes called 鈥渇irst day effects,鈥� but from 鈥渢omorrow鈥� on the choices people make are fairly consistent.

These findings indicate that hyperbolic discounting may just be a result of expecting people to understand objective time, rather than a real difference in preferences. Bradford concludes, 鈥淧eople seem to be more consistent than we give them credit for.鈥�

While explaining the impact of this line of research, Bradford alludes to the beginning of the human race. 鈥淕iven that our survival depended on being able to scavenge food, it鈥檚 not surprising that a preference for the present is written into our DNA.鈥�

He continued, 鈥淎 human that turned away a meal just because they weren鈥檛 hungry right then was a human who might not survive.鈥�

He proceeded to explain that a strong preference for the present isn鈥檛 necessarily a bad thing because there are very few situations when a person is truly choosing between a consequence today or tomorrow.

Except in cases of addiction. In the case of quitting an addictive substance, a user can plan to quit 鈥渢omorrow鈥� but it will never happen unless they are able to make the decision 鈥渢oday.鈥�

For this reason, Bradford hopes that this line of research will help people to see addiction as 鈥渇uture discounting gone haywire鈥� instead of as a moral failing.

He believes that psychologists and physicians treating people with substance use disorders can use this research to help people in treatment make better decisions.

The article is now available online from the .

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Kelly is a Georgia native and earned her A.B. in political science from UGA. Since graduating, she鈥檚 worked in public policy in a variety of different facets. She started her career as a lobbyist for UPS in Washington D.C., then returned to Atlanta to start Georgia Watch, a consumer watchdog organization. In 2009 Kelly left Georgia Watch to help start The Ray.

The Ray is an organization dedicated to making roadways 鈥渟marter.鈥� Kelly describes this mission as serving a lot of ends, including making roads safer, 鈥済reener,鈥� and more multiuse. 鈥淲e鈥檝e improved every other kind of transportation, why is it okay to lose 40,000 people per year in surface transport?鈥� She asked rhetorically while illustrating the need for road improvements.

The Ray includes a stretch of road 18 miles long on Georgia鈥檚 I-85, and the land and communities surrounding it. This space is used to test new roadway technology, such as driveable solar panels, roadside solar panels, roadside pollinator habitats, and road-embedded sensors that collect data for self-driving cars.

Kelly and The Ray have worked to make futuristic-sounding innovation a present-day reality by combining technological research and innovation with lobbying to help public policy catch up. Kelly gets to use her more than 15 year of public policy experience to make these new inventions a reality.

Kelly believes that innovation, safety, and lower environmental impact options should be accessible to everyone, not just those who can afford to pay for them. This passion for allowing everyone to reap the benefits of progress drives The Ray to find ways to be inclusive. One example of this inclusivity is that The Ray shares the electricity it collects from it鈥檚 solar panels with local communities, including low-income communities, near the roadway, to provide sustainable, low-cost energy.

Kelly urges students of public policy to be aware of technology and to consider the future of technological advances as they work to make policy in the future. 鈥淚t鈥檚 important that we, as a nation, are thinking of policy as we are preparing for advances that technology is creating. Because right now, technology is outpacing public policy.鈥�

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